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1984_lordoftheflies
Boston, Massachusetts, US
Posts: 11

Reply to Question 2

Maus demonstrates that Art Spiegelman, and more broadly, any other children of Holocaust survivors (or other historical atrocities), are incredibly shaped and impacted by their parents’ trauma. His relationship with his father, Vladek, and his own feelings about the Holocaust are impacted by his experience as a second generation survivor. Art’s father, Vladek, is traumatized from his experience in the holocaust, and this is reflected in his obsessive and often embarrassing cheapness. This is a point of conflict in their relationship, as Art often becomes frustrated with his father’s refusal to spend any money, like when Vladek goes to the store and returns half-eaten boxes of cereal, only after Art refuses to take them home with him. When Vladek admits, “Ever since Hitler I don’t like to even throw out a crumb” (Spiegelman 78), Art snaps back: “Then just save the damn Special K in case Hitler ever comes back!” Art is understandably frustrated with his father’s trauma response, and is angry that he seemingly can’t move on from it. To the reader, this seems hypocritical, because Art, despite not experiencing the Holocaust, is just as unable to move on from it as his father. He constantly forces Vladek to tell him the most gruesome stories from his experience, despite Vladek's clear discomfort. As Stanislav writes, “Art’s ‘inheritance’ of his parents’ trauma leads to his obsession with the Holocaust, although he is at pains to deny that it is an obsession” (Stanislav 232). The fact that this book exists in the first place, that Art wrote it, shows his own infatuation with the Holocaust. Art feels some kind of survivor’s guilt, because his brother, Richieu, died in the Holocaust, and he feels that he is like a worse replacement for him. His parents perpetuate this, by keeping a picture of Richieu in their bedroom and no pictures of Art. Art longs to have been in the Holocaust, literally having dreams about Auschwitz, just so that he would share his past with his parents.


It really isn’t possible to move beyond generational trauma, as evidenced by Art. He’s so unable to move past the trauma, he felt the need to write this entire book about it. It’s not necessarily better to live with and acknowledge it, but it is really the only option. The Holocaust seems to surround Art’s entire life and mental state, whether it be with his troubled relationship to Vladek, or his feelings of inadequacy with his parents, or his own fantasizing about being in the Holocaust. It’s not possible to simply ‘move beyond’ something like that, and the goal shouldn’t be to do so. However, acknowledging and living with the impact that the Holocaust has might help him to improve his own unhealthy feelings about it, and could have helped him improve his relationship with his father. In a sense, Maus was Art’s way of trying to do this. Throughout the book, we can see that the Holocaust was something that Vladek and Art could talk about without descending into an argument or passive-aggression. However, talking about these things doesn’t seem to bring them closer together in any way. Towards the end of the book, Vladek wants to live with Art, and Art vehemently rejects this. Although this is understandable, it highlights that throughout all of their discussion, they don’t seem to be any closer than they were before. In fact, at the very end, in the last frame of the book, Vladek, who is very ill and tired, mistakenly calls Art Richieu. Art’s choice to end the book this way shows that he still feels like he is unable to move out of the shadow of Richieu, even in Vladek’s death. He is unable to move beyond the generational trauma, and his father was never able to move beyond or cope with the first hand trauma.

1984_lordoftheflies
Boston, Massachusetts, US
Posts: 11

Originally posted by onecreamtwosugarslightice on February 12, 2025 09:27

Spiegelman manages to illustrate and convey the horrors of the Holocaust while also keeping the reading digestible. The Holocaust was notably a horrifying event and it’s difficult to sugarcoat what had happened during it; that being said, it makes learning about it and understanding it rather uncomfortable. Maus allows readers to grasp the events of the Holocaust while also leaving a certain level of censorship to make it easier to comprehend. The formatting of the story, switching from the past and the present, builds a bond between the characters Vladek and Artie as we get to see how Vladek has grown and how Artie was raised with the trauma of the Holocaust behind them. The contrast between the violence and malice of the Holocaust and their current life shows how they are just ordinary people who had to resilience in order to survive and adapt. This time structure not only humanizes the historical trauma but also emphasizes the long-lasting psychological effects on survivors and their families.

Also, Spiegelman’s choice to depict different groups using animals (Jews as mice, Germans as cats, and Poles as pigs), adds a layer of symbolism that showcases the power dynamics and dehumanization that was present during the Holocaust. Even though the images presented are simplified to keep the reading more digestible and comic-like, the raw emotions and horror of Vladek’s experiences are still present, making the story accessible without diminishing its gravity. It also makes it easier for younger kids to understand the Holocaust without being afraid or disgusted by the monstrosities committed by making it connected to something they know, like animals and the food chain. Cats eat mice, mice are pests, pigs are dirty and sloppy creatures. It shows the social hierarchy of the time without having to directly say it, which I feel is also why this book is so amazing. The way it manages to convey feelings without iterating it to the reader’s and the use of images and emotion to connect to people. Spiegelman doesn’t solely rely on exposition but allows his images to carry much of the emotional impact. The expressions of the characters, despite their animal features, convey their suffering and fear at moments. This choice makes the story feel more universal, ensuring that the Holocaust’s history and its lessons reach a wider audience.

Overall, I feel like this book is such an important book to show to people who want to learn more about the Holocaust or anyone really. It conveys an important POV of such a critical event. It serves as a reminder of the horrors of history and the importance of remembering the past so that such atrocities are never repeated. Whether someone is well-versed in Holocaust history or learning about it for the first time, Maus offers a compelling and necessary perspective that remains relevant today.

Post your response here.

I definitely agree that the time structure emphasizes the psychological effects of the Holocaust in the present day. I also think that it emphasizes how Vladek and Artie’s relationship was affected. We can see, for example, how Vladek was forced to hold on to any food he could during the Holocaust, and then after a time jump we would see how he’s still doing that even when he doesn’t have to, and how that affects Artie. I definitely agree that Spiegelman uses illustrations to convey things that words cannot, or that he doesn’t with words. I liked how all of the cats (nazis) were almost always depicted as having a shadow cast over their face, highlighting their immorality. However, I disagree with the idea that the drawings make it more accessible to young kids. I feel like a topic as grave as this shouldn’t be dumbed down/trivialized so that little kids can understand it, and I don’t think that was part of Spiegelman’s intention. Also, the book itself is so complex and has a lot of depth, so even though it’s a comic book, it’s not really suitable for young children to read, in my opinion. Also, you said that the images presented were simplified to make it more comic-like, I wish you had expanded on that a little more because I don’t really know what you mean.

redpanda
Boston, MA, US
Posts: 11

Originally posted by littleprincess26 on February 11, 2025 00:09

Maus shows not only the devastating impacts of Art Spiegelman’s father Vladek as a result of the Holocaust but also how that trauma can be passed onto a second generation. The trauma is also not confined to one person, it can affect everyone around it. I think there is no singular answer to whether it is possible to move beyond this generational trauma or to acknowledge it and live with it. Everyone’s experiences are unique to themselves and everyone handles it differently, meaning that there is no single solution to coping with trauma. In Maus, Art shows his personal struggles with generational trauma as he finds it difficult to connect to his father. His father had obsessive behaviours and other things that were a harsh reminder of the trauma he faced. Although Vladek only picked these behaviours up from his survival of the Holocaust, Art isn’t able to fully understand why he acts the way he does, creating this barrier between them. He is torn between sympathizing for him or being frustrated with him. His depiction of himself as a “child of survivors” also shows his emotions and how the trauma has been passed down to him. He often expressed feelings of guilt since he didn’t experience it himself and couldn’t relate to his father. His dead brother also served as a reminder of the disconnect he felt from his family in general. He wasn’t able to move on past this trauma or shake it off. Vladek’s trauma is also not just representing himself, he represents a lot of aspects of trauma. He faced feelings of displacement, hopelessness, loss, and violence. These emotions are passed down to later generations and often can be seen through Art. Many children of survivors of traumatic events find it difficult to just acknowledge the events and move on because it causes them to consider the history and how that affects their identity. In “The Shadow of Past Time: History and Graphic Representation in Maus”, it highlights how the graphics allow readers to see the trauma in a visual way since it is difficult to imagine. The way the narration jumps from past to present can also be seen as the disconnect that trauma causes people to feel. The question of whether generational trauma can be overcome or not is extremely complex as I mentioned before. Maus is able to convey how there is no simple resolution for the trauma that has been passed down. Art attempts to understand his father in some ways but isn’t able to because he is also struggling with his own emotions and identity. He is an example of how one lives with trauma since he never was able to move past it. It seemed like he came to terms with it in the end and accepted it in a way. He doesn't seem to have forgotten about the past but he acknowledges the difficulty in trying to undo the trauma. The process of dealing with generational trauma is ongoing. In “Intergenerational transmission of trauma in Spiegelman's Maus”, Stanislav argues that the generational trauma is not permanent but actually a continuous process. It is argued that just because one isn’t able to overcome the trauma, it doesn’t show weakness since the trauma is so deeply rooted for generations. Although Maus is specifically about the Holocaust, this idea of generational trauma can be seen in many other wars and historical events. This goes to show how powerful the trauma can be, as it affects so many people over long periods of time. Although there really isn’t a resolution to it, there are ways to cope and it is different for each individual. Confronting the trauma is just the beginning of healing from it.

Excellent response, I agree with a lot of your points and I even had the same ideas too. Something you said that was really compelling was that trauma is very powerful and unique for people because of the many different ways to cope. I also believe that it is important to confront the trauma in order to heal because ignoring it only pushes you into more pain. I hadn’t exactly thought about Art’s perspective and why exactly he acted the way he did but you brought to light how he too is struggling with his own emotions and identity. At first I just believed that Art was doing it to get back at his father for the way Vladek acts, which has a lot to do with Vladek’s own trauma and experiences, but I hadn’t taken in consideration how Art is also struggling with his identity. He has a hard time navigating through the inherited trauma and those same feelings of guilt. Even though he doesn’t really understand the gravity and immense pain of the Holocaust since he didn’t experience the Holocaust firsthand, it still shapes his identity. He also struggles to connect with his father fully because of Richieu and Art feels that there is a lot of pressure on him to live up to an impossible standard.

Nonchalant Dreadhead
Boston, Massachusetts, US
Posts: 11

Question 1

I believe that since the Holocaust was such a tragic inhumane experience, nothing can completely show us the magnitude and weight that it had during that time. Even seeing actual pictures of the Holocaust, we can never really feel and understand what happened at concentration camps and towns that Germany cleaned out. For that reason, any form of art or words that has genuine intentions is enough to convey a story of the Holocaust. Spiegelman’s intentions were genuine in bringing his fathers story to light, even if it is in the form of mouse and comics, the story has the same effect and is giving a story of a person that survived. I also believe that specifically giving it the form of a comic was better then not using it because it also made the story more accessible to children, since many have read it in the past, and also showing actual images of the Holocaust can be too much for some people, and Maus gives people a view without taking away the same feelings it bought.

“The form of Maus, however, is essential to how it represents history. Indeed, Man's contribution to thinking about the crisis in representation, I will argue, is precisely in how it proposes that the medium of comics can approach and express serious, even devastating histories.” This quote complements my idea that art, specifically comics can still touch on serious and devastating topics. Comics give the story a sense of representation, helping to close the bridge between the person experiencing the trauma, and the ones educating themselves about it. Maus does this perfectly by shortening the gap between people today and the ones that survived the Holocaust. Due to the use of comics, people of most ages can now understand a little bit of the actions in the Holocaust. Also, art as a whole is used countless times for artists to express their deepest and truest feelings. Many times to me and others, art can convey emotion even more than actual words, and that logic can be applied to the comic. Art is a writer as well as an artist, so comics let him portray not only his deepest and truest feelings on the Holocaust, but also his fathers, since it was based on his exact words.

An example in Maus of a panel that conveyed a lot of emotion was on page 83, where you can see Art’s mother in the past holding his older brother saying she will “Never give up [her] baby”. She also had very dark circles around her eyes, making that panel very intense, and almost like you can feel her fear and emotions through the page. This along with many other panels shows that the argument of this comic not being serious enough is not true. If done correctly, comics can convey the same emotion of something and throughout Maus, you can see and feel the many emotions of the Holocaust through the form of comics.

Nonchalant Dreadhead
Boston, Massachusetts, US
Posts: 11

Originally posted by iris_crane on February 11, 2025 13:38

Generational trauma is a term referring to the transfer of “the traumatic experiences of one generation onto subsequent generations.” Spiegelman depicts generational trauma and its impact through the lingering attachments that it has on Art’s father and thus affecting him in collateral. Art’s experiences in Maus depict his generational trauma mostly through his father, for Vladek’s own lingering sense of dread and obsessive behavior to save up. The trauma is not just a matter of direct experience but also a matter of how that trauma is passed on to children, who inherit the weight of their parents' suffering.

Generational trauma manifests itself in a myriad of ways, the most prominent being through Art’s relationship with his father, Vladek. As a survivor of the Holocaust, and someone who had basically lost everything to Nazi, Germany. Vladek’s own trauma influences his behaviors. This can be seen almost throughout the entire book, despite surviving, Vladek is unable to let go of that sense of survival, the need and consumption of draining everything that he has in fear that it could be taken away from him once more. From obsessing with using only the bare necessities to the anxiety of not ever being able to feel safe in his own body, Vladek holds this kind of trauma as seeing that he has to at least try to do better than his past. Be able to salvage a sense of security despite being in a place far away from his perpetrators. These traits however, are passed down to Art. Unable to understand his father’s own pain as well as his own issues surrounding his own identity. Art feels torn between his father’s past trauma and the expectations placed on him as a child of a survivor, constantly caught in the tension of trying to live a “normal” life while understanding the deep-rooted emotional wounds of his father’s history as this feeling of Vladek wanting to be able to control something in his life while Art wants to escape that sense of control and become his own self.

Generational trauma can also affect the wider community. Not only did Holocaust survivors lose family members, but their entire communities were destroyed, depicted especially through how when Vladek finally is able to leave his camp, he is left with nowhere to go or return to, family dead and his origin point infested with those who still would not hesitate to kill him in one way or another, it leaves Vladek stranded in a place where he is lost. The survivors’ experience was not just personal but collective, and the trauma of losing an entire culture and way of life is carried on by their children. Children of survivors grow up in a world where the repercussions of genocide and war are ever-present in their parents' lives, even if they weren't physically present for those events themselves. The weight of such collective trauma—being part of a group that has been victimized, dehumanized, and nearly annihilated—can feel like an inherited burden that affects the children's worldview, mental health, and ability to connect with others.

The concept of breaking generational trauma is extremely complex, however it is possible to be able to break the cycle of generational trauma, even if it were to take generations to come as it does not have to be something that is a constant forever. A person can heal from generational trauma and break the patterns in their own family while learning its cause and acknowledging its existence

Post your response here.

I agree with this response as a whole and see a lot of the ideas I had when reading the book. Even after the Holocaust, Valdek has a lot of trauma from being a survivor, never feeling safe as well as obsessing over bare necessities and being afraid everything will be taken from him once again. I also believe that the trauma he has and the way he acts puts pressure on Art throughout his life, from having a dead older brother, who he was constantly compared to, and also having to take care of his father, at the same time trying to understand his story, through creating the book, which he may never fully understand. Also the reason that the book connected so much to generational trauma was the fact that the Holocaust took away so many communities. Because of this, like you said, so many children like Art, feel disconnected from their culture, and are unable to see the same things their parents saw. Along with not being able to understand their parents lives, the mental burden of this is placed on them. From not being able to really connect to their parents, to also not being able to express their frustration about it since it is so hard to.

Big Lenny
US
Posts: 11

Generational trauma is complex psychological and physiological effects experienced by the descendants of survivors of extremely traumatic events. These children indirectly carry the weight of that trauma despite never having experienced the event themselves. For Holocaust survivors like Art Speigelman, their parents’ severe trauma from the atrocities of the Holocaust often dominates the child’s life, and can be expressed through depression, anxiety, a sense of displacement, or worse, as stated by Stanislav in “Intergenerational transmission of trauma in Spiegelman's Maus.” Studies done on children of Holocaust survivors show that even their genetics are impacted by the trauma their parents experienced—specifically genes related to stress, PTSD, and depression. Art Spiegelman hints at trauma that carried on from his mother and father to him throughout both the Maus books, most obviously through his deep connection to and interest in the Holocaust. There are several scenes, however, that more subtly show how Vladek’s trauma spilled over onto Art’s life.


One moment in Art Spiegelman’s Maus that clearly depicted the way in which Vladek’s experiences during the Holocaust impacted Art was when they were discussing Vladek’s memories while driving. As Vladek described the people that were left to hang in the concentration camps, Art looked out the window, seeing dead bodies hanging identically to the ones in Vladek’s memory. This shows how Vladek’s first hand experiences are almost shared with Art, although Art was never there to experience it himself.


On the other hand, there are instances where Art dismisses the impact of the Holocaust on his father rather than connect with it. For example, Vladek often saves materials, food, files, and other objects that Art insists he throw in the trash. Eventually, after lots of bickering, Vladek simply states that after being starved and looted during the second World War, he cannot bring himself to throw anything away. This quality is not one he shares with Art—in fact, Art argues with him and speaks poorly of him throughout the books for this quality.


Another way that Art’s parents’ experiences in the Holocaust impact him is through his guilt. As Maus goes on and Art begins to become successful and profit off of the graphic novels, he illustrates himself being asked questions on behalf of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust that he cannot answer. He draws himself feeling lost, and at one point there is a scene where he is illustrating Maus panels on top of a pile of dead bodies of victims of the Holocaust. This guilt goes even further as Art walks to his therapy session, where dead bodies litter the streets. This can be interpreted as Art’s guilt for having profited off of the deaths of Jewish people that he could never fully understand the experiences of, but also as survivor’s guilt. The latter interpretation is also supported by Art’s personal rivalry with his late brother, Richieu, who died in the Holocaust.


Generational trauma does not just pass from parent to child; it passes down in communities and populations of people. Even in the rules of war, there is a limit to the percentage of a population of a specific people that can be killed because of the known lasting effects on the community. Having no home country also has a real impact that can be seen in one’s community and identity. In addition, I don’t think that a person can just “move on” from generational trauma. Generational trauma can have physiological effects on a person, as described above. For Art Spiegelman’s case, I personally believe that he could only benefit by acknowledging the trauma he has, which he did in part by writing Maus.

Big Lenny
US
Posts: 11

Originally posted by blank.image on February 13, 2025 10:12

While some may feel that a comic isn't serious enough to illustrate the Holocaust, I do believe Artie's use of the comic form draws in the reader and holds their attention while also effectively conveying the emotional and historical weight of it. I won’t deny that the book did move me at different points and I feel like in its own way the depiction of people, especially the Jewish, as animals was particularly striking. When we think of mice we may feel repulsed because they're "vermin" and not necessarily wanted in human spaces. We feel the need to get rid of them via extermination. The Germans being depicted as cats shows their "superiority" over the other people in the book, since we perceive them as the main predator of mice and they are typically shown more love and respect by people. The novel definitely is serious enough to discuss the Holocaust, especially for younger audiences or anybody who may not be ready to look at darker sources of information about it because while there are some parts that are shocking and upsetting, it’s still more tame than documentaries that may contain actual footage of occurrences during the Holocaust. The book doesn’t joke about the Holocaust and touches on real issues that people may not acknowledge as much such as survivor’s guilt, trauma, and the effect it had on the descendants of survivors. It’s a unique way to retell the account of someone who actually had to live through it and it gives the readers breaks to process any hard information they may have just taken in. In terms of educating people and getting information about the Holocaust out in general, the book being in comic form helps this sort of information reach a larger audience and I feel like the details stick with the reader more. I feel like the movement between the past and the present in the novel is a crucial part of what could be taken away from the book. At the beginning of the book we briefly start off in Artie’s childhood, and then move to the present where he first approaches his father about having him tell his story. From that point on we bounce between the retelling of his father’s story the present day. This snap back to reality typically occurs after his father finishes talking about a specific tragic occurrence and I feel that it reminds us that this happened to a real person and this is just one account of millions. We’re able to see Vladek’s face and emotion that he displayed as he told his story and this is important because it helps us understand that decades later, he was still heavily impacted. This is significant because a lot of people don’t understand how someone could still be impacted by something that took place “a long time ago” and believe some things are better off forgotten. We learn from Maus that even though some may be able to move forward in their lives prior to a traumatic event, everything they had to endure still sticks with them regardless of how much time has passed. Many who survived the Holocaust lost, if not all, the majority of their family members and were constantly facing death on a daily basis. It should be completely understandable without question if they haven’t “simply moved on” and this is a topic Artie conveys in the book.


I totally agree with you that Artie's use of the comic form is both captivating to readers as well as carrying the emotional and historical weight of the Holocaust. You made a great point about the novel’s design of depicting the Jewish characters as mice and the Nazis as cats. At first, I worried that the design of the Jews as mice and Germans as cats would feed into stereotypes about Jewish people and would insinuate that people are inherently inferior/superior, but after finishing the series I realized that it was to emphasize the dehumanization of the Jews and their vulnerability in Nazi Germany. I also agree with you that this design choice represents how Jews have been rejected and “generally unwanted” by many countries who want to scapegoat them. You made a great point about how Maus discusses things surrounding the Holocaust that may not necessarily be focused on in other sources, like centering the story on a descendant of a survivor. Through following the journey of the son of a survivor, readers learn about the realities of the Holocaust along with him, making the crimes of the Nazis even more disturbing and horrific. I also didn’t think before about how seeing Vladek’s facial expressions would aid our understanding of his experiences much better than just reading his words. Also—adding on to your point about how people cannot just “move on” from the Holocaust—Vladek was constantly being moved around the nation, narrowly escaping death, constantly on the run, and he was never able to go back home. With this in mind, his journey through the Holocaust never really ended. Art does an incredible job depicting the impacts of the Holocaust on his father’s day-to-day life, as you already described concisely!

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